[840] According to Service, Stalin "regarded women as a resource for sexual gratification and domestic comfort. "[824] Conquest stated that although Stalin had Jewish associates, he promoted anti-Semitism. [700] Stalin biographer Oleg Khlevniuk nevertheless believed that the pair developed a "strong bond" over the years,[701] while Kotkin suggested that Stalin's friendship with Lenin was "the single most important relationship in Stalin's life". This concept was intricately linked to factional struggles within the party, particularly against Trotsky. [625] Both Stalin and Mao believed that a swift victory would ensue. [266] Some historians have questioned whether Lenin ever produced these, suggesting instead that they may have been written by Krupskaya, who had personal differences with Stalin;[254] Stalin, however, never publicly voiced concerns about their authenticity. [458] In August 1939, the Soviet Union signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact with Germany, a non-aggression pact negotiated by Molotov and German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. [883] According to Kotkin, Stalin "built a personal dictatorship within the Bolshevik dictatorship. [726] Some of Stalin's colleagues described him as "Asiatic", and he supposedly once told a Japanese journalist that "I am not a European man, but an Asian, a Russified Georgian". [814] When at social events, he encouraged singing,[815] as well as alcohol consumption; he hoped that others would drunkenly reveal their secrets to him. He was in bed. [65] His second attempt, in January 1904, was successful and he made it to Tiflis. [692] Service argued that Stalin's Marxism was imbued with a great deal of Russian nationalism. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin[g] (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili;[d] 18 December[O.S. [556] Still, Stalin foresaw the undesirability of a nuclear conflict, saying in 1949 that "atomic weapons can hardly be used without spelling the end of the world. Despite calls of "some Russians" to "beatify" Stalin, the Russian Orthodox Church has stood its ground in refusing to do so. "[865], The historian Robert Conquest stated that Stalin perhaps "determined the course of the twentieth century" more than any other individual. [478] He formed a State Defense Committee, which he headed as Supreme Commander,[479] as well as a military Supreme Command (Stavka),[480] with Georgy Zhukov as its Chief of Staff. [381], The Soviet Union experienced a major famine which peaked in the winter of 193233;[382] between five and seven million people died. In his early years as leader, Stalin revamped the Soviet Union's economic policy, . [544] As the Red Army had conquered German territory, they discovered the extermination camps that the Nazi administration had run. Stalin's enemies. [651] He had suffered a cerebral haemorrhage. As the majority of excess deaths under Stalin were not direct killings, the exact number of victims of Stalinism is difficult to calculate due to lack of consensus among scholars on which deaths can be attributed to the regime. See answer (1) Best Answer. Stalin was Georgian, but during his revolutionary campaigns, adopted the Soviet Nationality law and also changed his Georgian name to a Russian Name. [150] Their second child, Alexander, was born circa April 1917. [462] A GermanSoviet Frontier Treaty was signed shortly after, in Stalin's presence. [530] Discussing the fate of the Balkans, later in 1944 Churchill agreed to Stalin's suggestion that after the war, Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungary, and Yugoslavia would come under the Soviet sphere of influence while Greece would come under that of the West. [95] After returning to Tiflis, Stalin organised the robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank in June 1907. Whereas Lenin believed that all countries across Europe and Asia would readily unite as a single state following proletariat revolution, Stalin argued that national pride would prevent this, and that different socialist states would have to be formed; in his view, a country like Germany would not readily submit to being part of a Russian-dominated federal state. [63] There, he lived in a two-room peasant's house, sleeping in the building's larder. [26], In August 1894, Stalin enrolled in the Orthodox Spiritual Seminary in Tiflis, enabled by a scholarship that allowed him to study at a reduced rate. [397] A number of authorised Stalin biographies were also published,[398] although Stalin generally wanted to be portrayed as the embodiment of the Communist Party rather than have his life story explored. [491] With Order No. Malenkov denounced the Stalin personality cult,[911] which was subsequently criticised in Pravda. [190], Having dropped his editorship of Pravda,[191] Stalin was appointed the People's Commissar for Nationalities. [759] In 1934, his new Kuntsevo Dacha was built; 9km from the Kremlin, it became his primary residence. Despite all that it is fair to say that Lenin was a successful leader without whom November revolution . The Stalin memorial in Moscow's Red Square is a shrine for some Russians. Stalin contained a lot of bad leadership characteristics but I have cut it down to some of the worst in my opinion. [242] In taking this view, some Marxists accused him of bending too much to bourgeois nationalism, while others accused him of remaining too Russocentric by seeking to retain these nations within the Russian state. "[841] Stalin married twice and had several children. Stalin is too crude, and this defect which is entirely acceptable in our milieu and in relationships among us as communists, becomes unacceptable in the position of General Secretary. [190] Unlike senior Bolsheviks like Kamenev and Nikolai Bukharin, Stalin never expressed concern about the rapid growth and expansion of the Cheka and Red Terror. The Constituent Assembly was declared dissolved by the Bolshevik-Left SR Soviet government, rendering the end the term served. [897] After the dissolution of the Union in 1991, the rest of the archives were opened to historians, resulting in much new information about Stalin coming to light,[898] and producing a flood of new research. [409] Germany and Italy backed the Nationalist faction, which was ultimately victorious in March 1939. Stalin's choices of policies (NEP and socialism in one country) During the beginning of the struggle for power after Lenin died Stalin formed an alliance with Zinoviev and Kamenev in 1923, this was purely to keep Trotsky out of power. It sought to provide a guide to leading the country after his death. The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as global superpowers and entered a period of tension, the Cold War. Video: Vladimir Lenin. [673], Stalin claimed to have embraced Marxism at the age of fifteen,[677] and it served as the guiding philosophy throughout his adult life;[678] according to Kotkin, Stalin held "zealous Marxist convictions",[679] while Montefiore suggested that Marxism held a "quasi-religious" value for Stalin. [533] In 1944, the German armies were pushed out of the Baltic states (with the exception of the Ostland), which were then re-annexed into the Soviet Union. Stalin presided over the Soviet post-war reconstruction and its development of an atomic bomb in 1949. [510] In December 1942, he placed Konstantin Rokossovski in charge of holding the city. The Russian Empire became a de facto republic, headed by a Provisional Government dominated by liberals. [598] In September 1949 the Western powers transformed Western Germany into an independent Federal Republic of Germany; in response the Soviets formed East Germany into the German Democratic Republic in October. He was good at backroom political maneuvering. [592] Stalin also initiated a new military build-up; the Soviet army was expanded from 2.9million soldiers, as it stood in 1949, to 5.8million by 1953. [868] According to historian Kevin McDermott, interpretations of Stalin range from "the sycophantic and adulatory to the vitriolic and condemnatory. "Today someone is lamenting that the name of Tamil Nadu should not be used. "[729], Stalin had a soft voice,[730] and when speaking Russian did so slowly, carefully choosing his phrasing. [27] He joined 600 trainee priests who boarded there,[28] and he achieved high grades. No, I do not think that Stalin was a good leader. [637], In his later years, Stalin was in poor health. [418] By the latter part of 1937, the purges had moved beyond the party and were affecting the wider population. [853] Conversely, Stalin had an affectionate relationship with Svetlana during her childhood,[854] and was also very fond of Artyom. [799] He enjoyed listening to classical music,[800] owning around 2,700 records,[801] and frequently attending the Bolshoi Theatre during the 1930s and 1940s. The details of the assassination still remain a mystery, but much circumstantial evidence indicates that the head of the Soviet secret police planned Kirov's murder on orders from Stalin. Demanding that Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev apologise to the Party for the errors when they lost votes at the Party Congress. 1893 class table of Gori Religious School including a photo of Stalin. Joseph Stalin epitomised the 'New Prince', who Machiavelli described, somehow unifying love and fear whilst simultaneously pursuing his ambitious political plan for Russia. [196] That month, he travelled to Helsinki to talk with the Finnish Social-Democrats, granting Finland's request for independence in December. [659], Stalin's death was announced on 6 March. It nevertheless clashed with established Bolshevik views that socialism could not be established in one country but could only be achieved globally through the process of world revolution. [937] In December 2010, unknown persons decapitated it and it was destroyed in a bomb attack in 2011. [45] He had a light workload and therefore had plenty of time for revolutionary activity. [371] This preoccupation with opposing rival leftists concerned Bukharin, who regarded the growth of fascism and the far right across Europe as a far greater threat. [143] Stalin retained the name for the rest of his life, possibly because it was used on the article that established his reputation among the Bolsheviks. [850] In any event, she suspected that he was unfaithful with other women,[851] and committed suicide in 1932. [795] An autodidact,[806] he claimed to read as many as 500 pages a day,[807] with Montefiore regarding him as an intellectual. [359] Socialist realism was promoted throughout arts,[360] while Stalin personally wooed prominent writers, namely Maxim Gorky, Mikhail Sholokhov, and Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy. [399] By 1938, Stalin's inner circle had gained a degree of stability, containing the personalities who would remain there until Stalin's death. [795] He favoured historical studies, keeping up with debates in the study of Russian, Mesopotamian, ancient Roman, and Byzantine history. [255] Residing at his Gorki dacha, Lenin's main connection to Sovnarkom was through Stalin, who was a regular visitor. Since the 1920s, he'd ruled with an iron fist. Advertisement New questions in English Select the verb (s) in the sentence. The question that needs to be asked is whether a mental illness can explain Stalin's ability to engage in such behavior. The first four years were years of intense labor on the part of Soviet people in carrying out the Third Five-Year Plan. [593], The U.S. began pushing its interests on every continent, acquiring air force bases in Africa and Asia and ensuring pro-U.S. regimes took power across Latin America. [685] Stalin referred to himself as a praktik, meaning that he was more of a practical revolutionary than a theoretician. "[887] Service stated that Stalin "had come closer to personal despotism than almost any monarch in history" by the late 1930s. [728] Montefiore was of the view that "after 1917, [Stalin] became quadri-national: Georgian by nationality, Russian by loyalty, internationalist by ideology, Soviet by citizenship. [817] His Volynskoe suburb had a 20-hectare (50-acre) park, with Stalin devoting much attention to its agricultural activities. [218] In November 1919, the government nonetheless awarded him the Order of the Red Banner for his wartime service. [307] In 1927, there was some argument in the party over Soviet policy regarding China. [552] At the conference, Stalin repeated previous promises to Churchill that he would refrain from a "Sovietization" of Eastern Europe. [127] [429] That month, Stalin and Yezhov signed Order No. addressing the closing ceremony of the chennai international book fair that began on monday, stalin said the state government has allotted rs 3 crore as translation grants and rs 6 crore for. [247], After the civil war, workers' strikes and peasant uprisings broke out across Russia, largely in opposition to Sovnarkom's food requisitioning project; as an antidote, Lenin introduced market-oriented reforms: the New Economic Policy (NEP). [292] At the 14th Party Congress in December, they launched an attack against Stalin's faction, but it was unsuccessful. [75] Stalin was in Baku in February when ethnic violence broke out between Armenians and Azeris; at least 2,000 were killed. [787] He was capable of self-righteous indignation,[788] and was resentful,[789] and vindictive,[790] holding on to grudges for many years. [246] On this trip, Stalin met with his son Yakov, and brought him back to Moscow;[247] Nadezhda had given birth to another of Stalin's sons, Vasily, in March 1921. [372] His relationship with Nadezhda was also strained amid their arguments and her mental health problems. [306], In 1926, Stalin published On Questions of Leninism. [379] At the same time, penal sanctions became more severe; at Stalin's instigation, in August 1932 a decree was introduced wherein the theft of even a handful of grain could be a capital offence. First, it is necessary to recognize the factors involved in this decision that will affect you. 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